AC light dimmer with 2x TRIAC

[jacikaas]

Hello, again :)

It's working! Not very well, but at least its working.

Code bellow:

/**
 * The MySensors Arduino library handles the wireless radio link and protocol
 * between your home built sensors/actuators and HA controller of choice.
 * The sensors forms a self healing radio network with optional repeaters. Each
 * repeater and gateway builds a routing tables in EEPROM which keeps track of the
 * network topology allowing messages to be routed to nodes.
 *
 * Created by Henrik Ekblad <henrik.ekblad@mysensors.org>
 * Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Sensnology AB
 * Full contributor list: https://github.com/mysensors/Arduino/graphs/contributors
 *
 * Documentation: http://www.mysensors.org
 * Support Forum: http://forum.mysensors.org
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 *******************************
 *
 * REVISION HISTORY
 * Version 1.0 - February 15, 2014 - Bruce Lacey
 * Version 1.1 - August 13, 2014 - Converted to 1.4 (hek) 
 *
 * DESCRIPTION
 * This sketch provides a Dimmable LED Light using PWM and based Henrik Ekblad 
 * <henrik.ekblad@gmail.com> Vera Arduino Sensor project.  
 * Developed by Bruce Lacey, inspired by Hek's MySensor's example sketches.
 * 
 * The circuit uses a MOSFET for Pulse-Wave-Modulation to dim the attached LED or LED strip.  
 * The MOSFET Gate pin is connected to Arduino pin 3 (LED_PIN), the MOSFET Drain pin is connected
 * to the LED negative terminal and the MOSFET Source pin is connected to ground.  
 *
 * This sketch is extensible to support more than one MOSFET/PWM dimmer per circuit.
 * http://www.mysensors.org/build/dimmer
 */

#define SN "DimmableLED"
#define SV "1.1"

#include <MySensor.h> 
#include <SPI.h>

#define LED_PIN 3      // Arduino pin attached to MOSFET Gate pin
#define FADE_DELAY 10  // Delay in ms for each percentage fade up/down (10ms = 1s full-range dim)
//int dimming = 128;  // Dimming level (0-128)  0 = ON, 128 = OFF

MySensor gw;

static int currentLevel = 128;  // Current dim level...
MyMessage dimmerMsg(0, V_DIMMER);
MyMessage lightMsg(0, V_LIGHT);


/***
 * Dimmable LED initialization method
 */
void setup()  
{ 
  Serial.println( SN ); 
  gw.begin( incomingMessage );

  pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);// Set AC Load pin as output  
  attachInterrupt(0, zero_crosss_int, RISING);  // Choose the zero cross interrupt # from the table above

  // Register the LED Dimmable Light with the gateway
  gw.present( 0, S_DIMMER );
  
  gw.sendSketchInfo(SN, SV);
  // Pull the gateway's current dim level - restore light level upon sendor node power-up
  gw.request( 0, V_DIMMER );
  
}


//the interrupt function must take no parameters and return nothing
void zero_crosss_int()  //function to be fired at the zero crossing to dim the light
{
  // Firing angle calculation : 1 full 50Hz wave =1/50=20ms 
  // Every zerocrossing thus: (50Hz)-> 10ms (1/2 Cycle) 
  // For 60Hz => 8.33ms (10.000/120)
  // 10ms=10000us
  // (10000us - 10us) / 128 = 75 (Approx) For 60Hz =>65


  int dimtime = (75*currentLevel);    // For 60Hz =>65    
  delayMicroseconds(dimtime);    // Wait till firing the TRIAC    
  digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);   // Fire the TRIAC
  delayMicroseconds(10);         // triac On propogation delay 
         // (for 60Hz use 8.33) Some Triacs need a longer period
  digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW);    // No longer trigger the TRIAC (the next zero crossing will swith it off) TRIAC
}


/***
 *  Dimmable LED main processing loop 
 */
void loop() 
{
  gw.process();
}



void incomingMessage(const MyMessage &message) {
  if (message.type == V_LIGHT || message.type == V_DIMMER) {
    
    //  Retrieve the power or dim level from the incoming request message
    int requestedLevel = atoi( message.data );
    
    // Adjust incoming level if this is a V_LIGHT variable update [0 == off, 1 == on]
    requestedLevel *= ( message.type == V_LIGHT ? 100 : 1 );
    
    // Clip incoming level to valid range of 0 to 100
    requestedLevel = requestedLevel > 100 ? 100 : requestedLevel;
    requestedLevel = requestedLevel < 0   ? 0   : requestedLevel;
    
    Serial.print( "Changing level to " );
    Serial.print( requestedLevel );
    Serial.print( ", from " ); 
    Serial.println( currentLevel );

    fadeToLevel( requestedLevel );
    
    // Inform the gateway of the current DimmableLED's SwitchPower1 and LoadLevelStatus value...
    gw.send(lightMsg.set(currentLevel > 0 ? 1 : 0));

    // hek comment: Is this really nessesary?
    gw.send( dimmerMsg.set(currentLevel) );

    
    }
}

/***
 *  This method provides a graceful fade up/down effect
 */
void fadeToLevel( int toLevel ) {

  int delta = ( toLevel - currentLevel ) < 0 ? -1 : 1;
  
  while ( currentLevel != toLevel ) {
    currentLevel += delta;
    analogWrite( LED_PIN, (int)(currentLevel / 100. * 255) );
    delay( FADE_DELAY );
  }
}

What I change:

1. Comment line: int dimming = 128;
2. Change 0 to 128 in line: static int currentLevel = 128; // Current dim level...
3. After some reading, change interrupt line from defined comand to just 0 (it means arduino pin 2): attachInterrupt(0, zero_crosss_int, RISING); // Choose the zero cross interrupt # from the table above
4. In zero_crosss_int function change dimming to currentLevel: int dimtime = (75***currentLevel); // For 60Hz =>65

Problems:

1. When I set dim level from Domoticz - its beeing set upside down. For exampe: when I set 100% dim in Domoticz - light bulb is shining at the lowest power. When I set 7% - light bulb is shining at max power.
2. There is no graceful dim up or dim down. When I change dim level, light bulb flicker few times until it reach dim level I set.

Again, maybe someone knows how to fix this? :D

Thanks!

[rvendrame]

@jacikaas

Try changing this line (not tested):

 int dimtime = (75*currentLevel);    // For 60Hz =>65    

to

 int dimtime = (75* ( 128-currentLevel) );    // For 60Hz =>65    

Also remove this line to avoid the flicker:

  analogWrite( LED_PIN, (int)(currentLevel / 100. * 255) );

... and finally add this line right before the "fadeToLevel( requestedLevel );" , in order to convert 0-100 range into 0-128 range:

 requestedLevel = map( requestedLevel, 0 , 100 , 0 , 128 ); 

Good luck!

[jacikaas]

@rvendrame

Thank You!

Now there leaves only problem with flickering.

I made a video for beter understanding: https://goo.gl/photos/FPY5peSVfEsMAYvK6

[rvendrame]

@jacikaas please post your actual sketch...

[jacikaas]

Hey,

/**
 * The MySensors Arduino library handles the wireless radio link and protocol
 * between your home built sensors/actuators and HA controller of choice.
 * The sensors forms a self healing radio network with optional repeaters. Each
 * repeater and gateway builds a routing tables in EEPROM which keeps track of the
 * network topology allowing messages to be routed to nodes.
 *
 * Created by Henrik Ekblad <henrik.ekblad@mysensors.org>
 * Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Sensnology AB
 * Full contributor list: https://github.com/mysensors/Arduino/graphs/contributors
 *
 * Documentation: http://www.mysensors.org
 * Support Forum: http://forum.mysensors.org
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 *******************************
 *
 * REVISION HISTORY
 * Version 1.0 - February 15, 2014 - Bruce Lacey
 * Version 1.1 - August 13, 2014 - Converted to 1.4 (hek) 
 *
 * DESCRIPTION
 * This sketch provides a Dimmable LED Light using PWM and based Henrik Ekblad 
 * <henrik.ekblad@gmail.com> Vera Arduino Sensor project.  
 * Developed by Bruce Lacey, inspired by Hek's MySensor's example sketches.
 * 
 * The circuit uses a MOSFET for Pulse-Wave-Modulation to dim the attached LED or LED strip.  
 * The MOSFET Gate pin is connected to Arduino pin 3 (LED_PIN), the MOSFET Drain pin is connected
 * to the LED negative terminal and the MOSFET Source pin is connected to ground.  
 *
 * This sketch is extensible to support more than one MOSFET/PWM dimmer per circuit.
 * http://www.mysensors.org/build/dimmer
 */

#define SN "DimmableLED"
#define SV "1.1"

#include <MySensor.h> 
#include <SPI.h>

#define LED_PIN 3      // Arduino pin attached to MOSFET Gate pin
#define FADE_DELAY 10  // Delay in ms for each percentage fade up/down (10ms = 1s full-range dim)
//int dimming = 128;  // Dimming level (0-128)  0 = ON, 128 = OFF

MySensor gw;

static int currentLevel = 128;  // Current dim level...
MyMessage dimmerMsg(0, V_DIMMER);
MyMessage lightMsg(0, V_LIGHT);


/***
 * Dimmable LED initialization method
 */
void setup()  
{ 
  Serial.println( SN ); 
  gw.begin( incomingMessage );

  pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);// Set AC Load pin as output  
  attachInterrupt(0, zero_crosss_int, RISING);  // Choose the zero cross interrupt # from the table above

  // Register the LED Dimmable Light with the gateway
  gw.present( 0, S_DIMMER );
  
  gw.sendSketchInfo(SN, SV);
  // Pull the gateway's current dim level - restore light level upon sendor node power-up
  gw.request( 0, V_DIMMER );
  
}


//the interrupt function must take no parameters and return nothing
void zero_crosss_int()  //function to be fired at the zero crossing to dim the light
{
  // Firing angle calculation : 1 full 50Hz wave =1/50=20ms 
  // Every zerocrossing thus: (50Hz)-> 10ms (1/2 Cycle) 
  // For 60Hz => 8.33ms (10.000/120)
  // 10ms=10000us
  // (10000us - 10us) / 128 = 75 (Approx) For 60Hz =>65


  int dimtime = (75* (128-currentLevel));    // For 60Hz =>65    
  delayMicroseconds(dimtime);    // Wait till firing the TRIAC    
  digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);   // Fire the TRIAC
  delayMicroseconds(10);         // triac On propogation delay 
         // (for 60Hz use 8.33) Some Triacs need a longer period
  digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW);    // No longer trigger the TRIAC (the next zero crossing will swith it off) TRIAC
}


/***
 *  Dimmable LED main processing loop 
 */
void loop() 
{
  gw.process();
}



void incomingMessage(const MyMessage &message) {
  if (message.type == V_LIGHT || message.type == V_DIMMER) {
    
    //  Retrieve the power or dim level from the incoming request message
    int requestedLevel = atoi( message.data );
    
    // Adjust incoming level if this is a V_LIGHT variable update [0 == off, 1 == on]
    requestedLevel *= ( message.type == V_LIGHT ? 100 : 1 );
    
    // Clip incoming level to valid range of 0 to 100
    requestedLevel = requestedLevel > 100 ? 100 : requestedLevel;
    requestedLevel = requestedLevel < 0   ? 0   : requestedLevel;
    
    Serial.print( "Changing level to " );
    Serial.print( requestedLevel );
    Serial.print( ", from " ); 
    Serial.println( currentLevel );

    requestedLevel = map( requestedLevel, 0 , 100 , 0 , 128 );
    fadeToLevel( requestedLevel );
    
    // Inform the gateway of the current DimmableLED's SwitchPower1 and LoadLevelStatus value...
    gw.send(lightMsg.set(currentLevel > 0 ? 1 : 0));

    // hek comment: Is this really nessesary?
    gw.send( dimmerMsg.set(currentLevel) );

    
    }
}

/***
 *  This method provides a graceful fade up/down effect
 */
void fadeToLevel( int toLevel ) {

  int delta = ( toLevel - currentLevel ) < 0 ? -1 : 1;
  
  while ( currentLevel != toLevel ) {
    currentLevel += delta;
   // analogWrite( LED_PIN, (int)(currentLevel / 100. * 255) );
    delay( FADE_DELAY );
  }
}

[rvendrame]

@jacikaas

You must declare variables as 'volatile' to ensure they will be updated during interrupts. Try changing:

static int currentLevel = 128;  // Current dim level...

into

volatile int currentLevel = 128;  // Current dim level...

And to ensure no triac firing at zero level, try something like this at beginning of zero_cross_int() (before the "int dimtime"):

if ( currentLevel == 0 )  return; 

Good luck again!

[jacikaas]

Thanks!

Now when light bulb shining in 100% and I turn it off, it graceful goes to 0% with fading.
When I turn it on, bulb also graceful goes to 100%, but when max power had been reached - power instantly goes to 0% and in Domoticz status leaves as ON.
But if I use slipper to set 100% - dim level leaves and light bulb is shining as 100%.

When I use slipper to set dim between 0% and 100% there still shows up flickering.

What about that line which one we used before:

analogWrite( LED_PIN, (int)(currentLevel / 100. * 255) );

Maybe this line marks the end, when ligh bulb is going up from 0% to 100%?
Is this possible?

[rvendrame]

@jacikaas

The analogWrite will fire the triac based on PWM concept, and not synched to zero_cross detection, so in my opinion it would bring more problems than solutions.

You might be suffering from electrical problems at your zero-cross circuit. It might be not detecting all zero-crosses (or false triggering).

Maybe if you have a oscilloscope you could check the activity in "zero-cross signal out" pin, it should give you precisely 100 pulses in one second, if working good.

Another try is to change the '75' constant at dimtime calculation, try increase and/or decrease it a bit, and watch the results...

[jacikaas]

@rvendrame

Thank You for Your help! Unfortunately I don't have oscilloscope so I can't check the signal either.

I will try to change dimtime constant values :)

Thanks!

[ahmedadelhosni]

I wanted to post this topic in the general discussion as I want to make a "safe" AC control circuit and wanted some ideas.

I have already designed this circuit 2 years ago but every while I gain some new experience. I was programming the dimmer using PIC and I was using Real Time Operating System (RTOS) + using (delay) to create an accurate timing for firing the TRIAC after the Zero crossing is detected. It worked very fine. Ofcourse using delay is bad and blocks your code.
Afterwards I changed my code to use time interrupts instead of RTOS, and flickering was happening sometimes.
I am telling you this because this may be something wrong in your coding. So this is the first issue you have to revise.

Second. A few months ago I found a better design in this link . It is also a dimmer circuit but I read the comments and people said that there is no choke component in the circuit. I read later and new that this means that an inductor must be added ( don't know where exactly ) but I knew later that pulsing in such circuits is not safe without a choke components. This may also cause this flicker as I have on some sites.

Third. I had a friend of mine who used to run his Home Automation for 3 years. He used the same simple design as you and he never reported any bad issues :) This really made me confused, as the link which I have shared above contains more componets ( capactitors + snubber circuit ) for safety, while my friend didn't add them. I have also to add that snubber circuits are needed with inductive loads only, and maybe this is way he didn't face any problem.

ohhh what a long reply :)

[jacikaas]

Hey,

@ahmedadelhosni
Thanks for long post ;)

Safety is in first place. This circuit should be safer with snubber circuit, inductor and varistor. I miss something? DIAC is same purpose like varistor?

I look at few already made products in China. Im not realy sure about whats that in pictures, is that inductor or antenna for rf module :)

First smart switch from China:

Second smart switch from China:

Even more cheaper: Cheap smart switch

But theese switches are with relays.

@rvendrame
I was trying to change around dimtime constant values - and with no any good luck.

Today I move last modified code to Arduino Mini Pro and test it. When I test it - there was no flickering at all. Only there is same problem with:
When I turn it on, bulb also graceful goes to 100%, but when max power had been reached - power instantly goes to 0% and in Domoticz status leaves as ON.
But if I use slipper to set 100% - dim level leaves and light bulb is shining as 100%.

I will check it and try to figure out why this is happening. :)))

[rvendrame]

@jacikaas said:

When I turn it on, bulb also graceful goes to 100%, but when max power had been reached - power instantly goes to 0% and in Domoticz status leaves as ON.
But if I use slipper to set 100% - dim level leaves and light bulb is shining as 100%.

I saw you still using 'static int' instead 'volatile int' for currentLevel . Did you try 'volatile int' ?

Apart from that, I don't see any other reason for that. Perhaps something into controller side (domoticz)? I use Vera Lite with similar arduino circuit as yours, and I never had this behavior in my setup.

[Zeph]

If I understand, sometimes when you think you should be seeing 100%, the light is actually off?

You are counting on the triac to latch and hold until the next Zero Crossing. However a triac needs a certain level of current in order to latch. If you try to trigger it too early in the AC cycle (while the AC voltage is still close to zero, just starting to rise), the load may not provide enough current to latch the triac. This is especially true with some kinds of loads. For example, LED Xmas lisghts don't conduct until the AC instantaneous voltage rises above the combined Vfwd of 25-50 series LEDs.

One way to test this hypothesis is to lengthen the pulse. Or you could adjust your timing multiplier.

[jemish]

Can we control AC fan using this module???

[Oitzu]

@jemish which module do you mean exactly?
The schematic in the first post is not suitable for inductive loads.

[jemish]

@Oitzu okk my friend, thank you so much.

But is there any design available for controlling inductive load???

[Oitzu]

@jemish maybe have a look at following blog-post: http://www.homemade-circuits.com/2012/04/how-to-use-triacs-for-inductive-loads.html
With this information you should be able to "improve" above schematic to be also able to handle inductive loads.

If you have no clue about all that... maybe have a look at this module:
https://www.kemo-electronic.de/en/Light-Sound/Effects/Modules/M028-Power-control-110-240-V-AC-2600-VA.php
It can control AC Motors,
in combination with this module:
https://www.kemo-electronic.de/en/Transformer-Dimmer/Converter/M150-DC-pulse-converter.php
You can connect it safely to the arduino.

[ahmedadelhosni]

@Oitzu i cant find the price of them on the site. Are they listed ?

[Oitzu]

@ahmedadelhosni
http://www.ebay.com/itm/KEMO-M028-Power-control-110-240-V-AC-2600-VA-Made-in-Germany-/251096815198
as example..they are relativ expensive.. see it more as an example. :)

[ahmedadelhosni]

@Oitzu assume that I didn't ask you :) :)