Step-by-step procedure to connect the NRF24L01+ to the GPIO pins and use the Raspberry as a Serial Gateway (MySensors 1.x)

[Sander Teunissen]

When I try to run the init.d script:

sudo /etc/init.d/PiGatewaySerial start

I get the following error:

[....] Starting PiGatewaySerial (via systemctl): PiGatewaySerial.serviceFailed to start PiGatewaySerial.service: Unit PiGatewaySerial.service failed to load: No such file or directory.
 failed!

No such file or directory.... Obviously a missing folder or file, but I am not savvy enough to debug this.... Any help appreciated..

[mfalkvidd]

@Sander-Teunissen my guess is that you forgot the sudo make install part of the installation instructions.

[Sander Teunissen]

@mfalkvidd Yesterday I stopped trying and shutdown the Pi. This morning I tried the same again and it works !!
Pretty sure I haven't done anything else.
Thanks anyway.

Sander

[MrRikkie]

Hello, If followed the instruction and everything seemed to work without any problem.
However when I enter the command : sudo cat /dev/ttyMySensorsGateway
I get the message : cat: /dev/ttyMySensorsGateway: No such file or directory
Does anybody have any idea how to solve this ?

[mfalkvidd]

@MrRikkie what output did you get when you ran sudo /etc/init.d/PiGatewaySerial start ?

[MrRikkie]

@mfalkvidd said:

sudo /etc/init.d/PiGatewaySerial start

No output and no error message. Just a new command line.
pi@raspberrypi ~ $ sudo /etc/init.d/PiGatewaySerial start
pi@raspberrypi ~ $

[Sander Teunissen]

When I

ls -l ttyMySensorsGateway

I get

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan  3 20:21 ttyMySensorsGateway -> /dev/pts/0

It's all root. This results in all kinds of acessability issues. I followed all instructions exactly. Anyone any ideas how to change this ?

Sander.

[martinhjelmare]

@Sander-Teunissen

Try writing a udev rule to set owner of the device (ttyMysensorsGateway) at boot. If you don't need to use the link you could write a rule that names the pts device to the same name every boot, I think. At least for usb devices this works. Haven't tried it in this particular case.

[mfalkvidd]

@Sander-Teunissen said:

When I

ls -l ttyMySensorsGateway

I get

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan  3 20:21 ttyMySensorsGateway -> /dev/pts/0

It's all root. This results in all kinds of acessability issues. I followed all instructions exactly. Anyone any ideas how to change this ?

The permissions for a soft link are not used (and if they were, any user would be allowed to do anything since everything is rwx). The permissions for the target is used instead. So it is the result of

ls -l /dev/pts/0

you need to worry about.

[ahmedadelhosni]

Hello @mfalkvidd , I read the topic again but I am a bit confused. Normally we have a sketch on the Arduino board to enable signing for example or implement our desired code. I don't understand how to edit this before compiling ?

[mfalkvidd]

Sorry @ahmedadelhosni, I haven't tried to compile the Raspberry gateway for signing. @Anticimex will probably chide me for that, and rightly so
It should just be a matter of modifying MyConfig.h to enable signing, as per the instructions in http://forum.mysensors.org/topic/1021/security-introducing-signing-support-to-mysensors but maybe the MySensor files in the Raspberry repo haven't been updated with the signing features.

[Anticimex]

The signing backends are updated for multi arch support thanks to @tbowmo and his SAMD gateway project, but they still assume Arduino compatible api:s for io, so if the raspberry repo/port provide that, it should work. If not, it should just be a matter of adding support for the raspberry spi:s for setting pin direction and states and (if sw backend is to be used) provide a random number generator. The code is C/C++ and hw independent in other aspects.

[Anticimex]

If anyone would like to add support for rPi to the signing backends, I suggest using a Linux generic approach using sysfs to handle io. Same for rng (using an appropriate device node, rpi has a hw rng that should be used).
If the design is Linux generic and uses proper design to abstract raspberry board specifics, it opens up for reuse by any hw that uses a Linux kernel

[hayduke]

I've been struggling with this setup for a few weeks now. I've resisted posting to try and figure it out, but I'm not making any progress. When I first setup the rpi with the nrf24 directly connected, everything worked great. I was running a node with temp and motion pretty reliably. I had some difficulty getting the relay node to work, but I got that working eventually as well, but not reliably. While trying to resolve this, I started getting these errors (log from Domoticz):
2016-02-19 10:43:36.007 MySensors: Using serial port: /dev/ttyUSB20
2016-02-19 10:43:36.008 Error: MySensors: Error opening serial port!
2016-02-19 10:43:37.008 MySensors: retrying in 30 seconds...

I see the post above about this being related to using sensors not supported. Since it started with the relay node, I took that out of the setup, but I'm still getting the error.

I've rebuilt the entire rpi, mysensors, and domoticz, but I can't get it to work reliably. If I start the gateway manually via a putty session, it will work for a few minutes, but then it stops and goes back to the command prompt in putty and I can see the log in Domoticz start showing the above errors.

I have setup the gateway to start automatically, but it doesn't seem to restart correctly after a reboot.

I suspect I have a version mismatch in my code somewhere, but I can't seem to find it. My last effort was to remove all code from my computer and start over, ie reinstall Arduino and a fresh download of MySensors code (v1.5).

I've also tried changing the permissions on the tty devices, but that didn't seem to help either.

I was real excited about this project when I first read about it. When I finally got some parts in, I had some quick success that kept me motivated, but my enthusiasm is waning a bit with my total lack of progress on this issue.

Thanks in advance for any help.

[mfalkvidd]

Which capacitor(s) are you using?
Do you use a power amplified version of the nrf24l01+ or the regular version?
What is the output of /usr/local/sbin/PiGatewaySerial until the gateway stops working?

[hayduke]

@mfalkvidd
I have a 4.7uf electrolytic cap soldered directly to the pins on the radio module.
Radio is standard, ie antenna via board traces.

I just did another batch of testing to try and answer your last question.
I started the gateway manually, ie sudo /usr/local/sbin/PiGatewaySerial
I plugged in a temp sensor (dallas 18b20, 3.3v apm, via 3.3v FTDI) into the computer so I could monitor the serial port.

The first time I turned on the temp sensor, the gateway closed after 5 "read:"'s. I tried it again and the gateway stopped (meaning I was back at the prompt in putty) after 2 reads.
I decided to reboot the rpi. When it came back up, I had the Domoticz log open and I could see the gateway start before I could reopen a putty session. It appears the auto start worked correctly, and so far, it's still up.
I've been sending temp data successfully for ~10 minutes now.

...time passes...
I typed out the above, but didn't hit submit as I wanted to go put the relay node back together and test it.

After gathering up those parts, I check the Domoticz log and it's still reading temp. While it IS working, the temps are displaying wrong in Domoticz. My sensor is sending F, but domoticz thinks it's C and it converts.

I'm mentioning this because, when I open the serial monitor to confirm the node was sending F values, it of course resets the node. This killed the gateway. I got the following in my domoticz log:
2016-02-19 15:00:30.362 (MySensorsSerial) Temp (Temp)
2016-02-19 15:00:38.371 (MySensorsSerial) Temp (Temp)
2016-02-19 15:00:46.380 (MySensorsSerial) Temp (Temp)
2016-02-19 15:00:50.384 (MySensorsSerial) Temp (Temp)
2016-02-19 15:00:54.389 (MySensorsSerial) Temp (Temp)
2016-02-19 15:00:58.393 (MySensorsSerial) Temp (Temp)
2016-02-19 15:01:02.398 (MySensorsSerial) Temp (Temp)
2016-02-19 15:01:06.403 Error: Serial Port closed!... Error: End of file
2016-02-19 15:01:06.864 MySensors: retrying in 30 seconds...
2016-02-19 15:01:35.867 MySensors: Using serial port: /dev/ttyUSB20
2016-02-19 15:01:35.868 Error: MySensors: Error opening serial port!
2016-02-19 15:01:36.869 MySensors: retrying in 30 seconds...
2016-02-19 15:02:05.871 MySensors: Using serial port: /dev/ttyUSB20
2016-02-19 15:02:05.872 Error: MySensors: Error opening serial port!
2016-02-19 15:02:06.872 MySensors: retrying in 30 seconds...
2016-02-19 15:02:20.010 Active notification subsystems: (0/10)
2016-02-19 15:02:35.875 MySensors: Using serial port: /dev/ttyUSB20
2016-02-19 15:02:35.875 Error: MySensors: Error opening serial port!
2016-02-19 15:02:36.875 MySensors: retrying in 30 seconds...

I ran sudo cat /dev/ttyMySensorsGateway and get 'No such file' message. I interpret this to mean the gateway has stopped running, right?

Next I manually started the gateway again. It immediately starts reading the temp sensor again. After the next 30 second timer expires, Domoticz picks it right back up too.

I think I figured something out... If I restart a node with the gateway running, it kills the gateway and my above symptoms start. I'm able to repeat this without failure.

I'm going to do some more testing, but it seems that when the node sends the s=255 message, the gateway is dieing.
I want to see what happens if I turn on another node while the first is alraedy running. Perhaps I have to have all my nodes on before I start the gateway?

I am very encouraged as I at least finally feel like I'm moving forward. Was getting frustrated for awhile there.
Thanks again for the write to help me get started.

[hayduke]

Did some more testing. Now I know why it seemed related to the relay node.
The relay node needs the gateway to be listening when it wakes up. If it fails when it presents, ie the gateway is down, it doesn't try again.

I did have the relay sketch working at some point, so I don't think it's that sketch. I'm thinking I have a problem with the gateway. I work as a developer, so I've been trying to acquaint myself with the code. I mostly use SQL and VB.net in my day job. I loved C++ in college, but it's been almost that long since I used it.

Does anyone have any ideas what might be causing this? I'm going to go reread the section on the mysensors protocol and see I can spot anything wrong in those presentation messages.

[tommyken]

This post is deleted!

[Justinian]

Hi there
I did everything according to the instructions. Installing went without complications. However, when trying to verify the gateway problems arise.

After typing

sudo /usr/local/sbin/PiGatewaySerial

I receive the message: command not found.
Also, no /dev/ttyMySensorsGateway file has been created.

When I am entering

sudo /etc/init.d/PiGatewaySerial start

nothing happens. I only get a new command line.

I can start the gateway, however, when I am entering

sudo ./PiGatewaySerial

in the Raspberry folder.

I already tried to uninstall and re-install everything, without success. Has anybody any suggestions how to solve this issue?

[mfalkvidd]

@Justinian looks like you forgot to run "sudo make install" after "make all"

[hayduke]

@mfalkvidd said:

@Justinian looks like you forgot to run "sudo make install" after "make all"

I took a little break from this project, but I worked on it again this weekend. I decided to start from scratch and rebuild the gateway completely. I put a fresh Domoticz image onto the SD card, updated and upgraded, cloned, compiled, and installed the RF24 and Raspberry code.

Now I have the exact same symptom as Justinian

Since this used to work for me at some point, next I will try using an older Dmoticz image. I read somewhere that people had better success by NOT using apt-get update. Perhaps it's a problem with Jessie vs Wheezy? Domoticz switched kernels during on of the version upgrades.

Winter is over, so I can live without getting my furnace controls working right now. I know relays have an issue, but now I'm just needing to monitor the temperature in an egg incubator.

I'm surprised that using a rpi with this radio module directly attached is not a more popular platform. Is it just not a reliable platform? With the rpi3 out now, there shouldn't be a CPU load issue trying to act as an HA controller even with a large installation. I've got lots of ideas I want to implement if I can ever get a stable backend.

[Justinian]

@mfalkvidd thanks for your help. Unfortunately, this didn't resolve the issue. I repeated the installation, this time deliberately executing sudo make install, but the problem remained.
@hayduke Maybe this indeed is an issue with Raspbian Jessie as I am on Jessie.

[martinhjelmare]

Jessie uses a different init system than Wheezy. Systemd should be able to handle most old init scripts, but this case might be an exception.

Has anyone successfully installed this on Jessie?

A unit file for systemd would be a good addition, in any case, in my opinion.

[GertSanders]

@martinhjelmare

I'm on the latest Jessie version. Prior to that I also used DietPi as a platform for Domoticz and Mysensors. I have not done an apt-get update or apt-upgrade since the install (I used the Jessie image from the Raspberry Org site).

As for load, here is the image of Domoticz CPU load of the last year:

As you can see, combining the Gateway function with the Controller function on the Raspberry 2 gives virtually no load. I could probably add the Plex Media Player software to this and still have room for some more cron jobs.

[shabba]

Hi - I saw enquires months ago about getting RF69 working - has anyone done so? thanks!

[mfalkvidd]

@shabba the best discussion I've seen so far is http://forum.mysensors.org/topic/1918/what-radio-to-use-nrf24l01-rfm69-rfm73/

[shabba]

Thanks @mfalkvidd - will check it out.

[shabba]

Ps. I followed https://github.com/abouillot/HomeAutomation/tree/master/piGateway and now have a MQTT service running. But I do not know how to connect this to domoticz or even debug that it can actually see my test sensor etc.

[stranger]

This thread has been great - thanks @mfalkvidd!

@hayduke I had a similar problem earlier. I haven't fixed it yet, but here's where I'm at:

Clean install (Jessie, RF24, Raspberry) March 25th 2016 has the problem where it works for a few minutes, then stops (/dev/pts/0 dissapears, which breaks the symbolic links - ttyMySensorsGateway and ttyUSB20). This is at home where I have a bunch of nodes around and a Vera with serial gateway, so there are lots of different signals coming in.

But when I move to another location with just one node (that just sends a light status update regularly), it works fine - at least, I've been sitting here with it running for 30 minutes so far.

I know this might not help much, I'm new to all this and still getting my head around everything. I would probably agree with what you suggested earlier: something in one of the messages that causes a problem with the gateway (possibly to do with already having another serial gateway nearby).

I'll try to do some more testing by changing this gateway to a different channel to my other one, and gradually bringing nodes across to see when it breaks.

[alexsh1]

@stranger just to make sure - you said you have two gateways at home. Did you change the channel so that they do not interfere with each other?

[Tore André Rosander]

Hello, im just starting to set up some mysensors nodes and have already set up a gateway with nodemcu (esp).
But to eliminate the number of devices i am thinking about moving the gateway directly to the Raspberry pi as mentioned in this thread. Is there any downsides (or upsides) by connecting the nrf24 chip directly to the RPI?

And btw:
"The radio module NRF24L01+ is cheap and power efficient, but it is unable to communicate with regular wifi."
That is not entirely correct, the nrf24 can connecct to wifi and send TCP/IP packets with an arduino.

[stranger]

@alexsh1 No actually. I didn't want to go around and reprogram all my nodes, and I forgot to turn off my other gateway. That is what I was going to do next, but I've just been running it for a few hours with no problems (with a heap of nodes and another gateway a few metres away, all on the same channel).

I then Home Assistant and tested out a few nodes, and now it sometimes breaks, but mostly works fine.

All that being said, I've realised I need signing (I have a few electronic locks), so I'm going back to a hardware serial gateway. If anyone has got signing working I'd love to hear how - I had a look but couldn't figure it out and don't have much time to spare on it.

[Sander Stolk]

pi@Domoticz3:~/Raspberry$ sudo ./PiGatewaySerial
Starting PiGatewaySerial...
Protocol version - 1.4
Created PTY '/dev/pts/1'
Gateway tty: /dev/ttyMySensorsGateway
================ SPI Configuration ================
CSN Pin          = CE0 (PI Hardware Driven)
CE Pin           = Custom GPIO25
Clock Speed      = 8 Mhz
================ NRF Configuration ================
STATUS           = 0x0e RX_DR=0 TX_DS=0 MAX_RT=0 RX_P_NO=7 TX_FULL=0
RX_ADDR_P0-1     = 0xa8--------------------------------
RX_ADDR_P2-5     = 0xff 0xc-----------------
TX_ADDR          = 0xe7e7e7e7e7
RX_PW_P0-6       = 0x20 0x20 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00
EN_AA            = 0x3b
EN_RXADDR        = 0x06
RF_CH            = 0x4c
RF_SETUP         = 0x23
CONFIG           = 0x0e
DYNPD/FEATURE    = 0x3f 0x06
Data Rate        = 250KBPS
Model            = nRF24L01+
CRC Length       = 16 bits
PA Power         = PA_LOW
^[read: 1-1-0 s=0,c=1,t=0,pt=7,l=5:16.1
read: 1-1-0 s=0,c=1,t=23,pt=2,l=2:1022
read: 1-1-0 s=1,c=1,t=23,pt=2,l=2:1023
read: 1-1-0 s=2,c=1,t=23,pt=2,l=2:1021
Received SIGINT^C
Exiting...
pi@Domoticz3:~/Raspberry$ sudo cat /dev/ttyMySensorsGateway
cat: /dev/ttyMySensorsGateway: No such file or directory
pi@Domoticz3:~/Raspberry$ sudo /etc/init.d/PiGatewaySerial start
[....] Starting PiGatewaySerial (via systemctl): PiGatewaySerial.serviceFailed to start PiGatewaySerial.service: Unit PiGatewaySerial.service failed to load: No such file or directory.
 failed!
pi@Domoticz3:~/Raspberry$

Playing with a RPI 3 B and a NRF24+ radio I got this error message above.
Running Jessie but with no luck...

Anybody else got this problem?

[mfalkvidd]

@Sander-Stolk did you run

sudo make install

?
What happens if you run

sudo /usr/local/sbin/PiGatewaySerial

?

[Sander Stolk]

@mfalkvidd
Tnx that worked but this is not in the tutorial I'm I right?

If this happens, double-check your wiring and correct any problems. Press Ctrl+Z and type

sudo killall PiGatewaySerial
to get rid of the non-functioning Gateway. Then run sudo /usr/local/sbin/PiGatewaySerial again

If all is well, exit PiGatewaySerial by pressing Ctrl+C. Then run

sudo /etc/init.d/PiGatewaySerial start
to start the gateway as a background process. Verify that it started correctly by running```

[mfalkvidd]

Yes it is. See the section under
COMPILING THE GATEWAY

also, you ran sudo ./PiGatewaySerial instead of sudo /usr/local/sbin/PiGatewaySerial described in the instructions.

[mfalkvidd]

I have added a
TROUBLESHOOTING
section in the original post to cover for this error. Hopefully it can help if someone else makes the same mistake.

[micah]

Any thoughts on making a version for the 2.0 dev branch?

I recently switched my in-progress builds to 2.0 and am in the process of "trying" to get my Raspberry Pi2 setup with OpenHab and Mosquito. And the idea of not having to have an ethernet gateway arduino in the mix is appealing to me.

I would do it myself but I probably only have 3.275% of the required knowledge at this point

[mfalkvidd]

I'm unfortunately at about the same level as you. I can compile stuff and do basic troubleshooting, but merging the dev branch with the gateway code is way out of my league.

[micah]

@mfalkvidd said:

I'm unfortunately at about the same level as you. I can compile stuff and do basic troubleshooting, but merging the dev branch with the gateway code is way out of my league.

There is no way you are at 3.275% knowledge like me... I've seen many of your posts on here and you are at least a 4.532%... lol.... no honestly I've liked your posts and you seem very knowledgeable. You've got to be at least a 84.5%

[Sander Stolk]

Can somebody tell me how to change the channel after compiling and using the Gateway for a couple of days?
Changing the channel in MyConfig.h in the dir Raspberry doesnt bother even after a reboot.
Still 0x4c channel / 76 when I run the PiSerialGateway program.

[alexsh1]

@Sander-Stolk said:

Can somebody tell me how to change the channel after compiling and using the Gateway for a couple of days?
Changing the channel in MyConfig.h in the dir Raspberry doesnt bother even after a reboot.
Still 0x4c channel / 76 when I run the PiSerialGateway program.

Did you recompile the code after changing the channel?

[Sander Stolk]

@alexsh1 I did this after changeing the channel in MyConfig.h: make all && sudo make install
Rebooted after that but no luck

[mfalkvidd]

That should be sufficient but you could see if running make clean before make all helps.

[Sander Stolk]

@mfalkvidd I did the make clean and the make install and rebooted.
Still 0x4c eq. 76

Using username "pi".
Server refused our key
pi@192.168.1.14's password:
______                      _   _
|  _  \                    | | (_)
| | | |___  _ __ ___   ___ | |_ _  ___ ____
| | | / _ \| '_ ` _ \ / _ \| __| |/ __|_  /
| |/ / (_) | | | | | | (_) | |_| | (__ / /
|___/ \___/|_| |_| |_|\___/ \__|_|\___/___|


Last login: Sat Apr  9 18:41:17 2016 from 192.168.1.34

Monday, 11 April 2016, 12:10:24 pm CEST
Linux 4.1.18-v7+ armv7l GNU/Linux
Uptime.............: 1 days, 17h29m13s
Memory.............: 520336kB (Free) / 948056kB (Total)
Load Averages......: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 (1, 5, 15 min)
Running Processes..: 97
IP Addresses.......: 192.168.1.14

pi@Domoticz3:~$ cd Raspberry/
pi@Domoticz3:~/Raspberry$ cat MyConfig.h
/*
 The MySensors library adds a new layer on top of the RF24 library.
 It handles radio network routing, relaying and ids.

 Created by Henrik Ekblad <henrik.ekblad@gmail.com>
 12/10/14 - Ported to Raspberry Pi by OUJABER Mohamed <m.oujaber@gmail.com>

 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
 version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
*/

#ifndef MyConfig_h
#define MyConfig_h

/***
 * Configure Sensor Network
 */
#define RF24_CHANNEL       111             //RF channel for the sensor net, 0-127
#define RF24_DATARATE      RF24_250KBPS   //RF24_250KBPS for 250kbs, RF24_1MBPS for 1Mbps, or RF24_2MBPS for 2Mbps
#define RF24_PA_LEVEL      RF24_PA_MAX    //Sensor PA Level == RF24_PA_MIN=-18dBm, RF24_PA_LOW=-12dBm, RF24_PA_HIGH=-6dBM, and RF24_PA_MAX=0dBm
#define RF24_PA_LEVEL_GW   RF24_PA_MAX  //Gateway PA Level, defaults to Sensor net PA Level.  Tune here if using an amplified nRF2401+ in your gateway.
#define BASE_RADIO_ID      ((uint64_t)0xA8A8E1FC00LL) // This is also act as base value for sensor nodeId addresses. Change this (or channel) if you have more than one sensor network.

// MySensors online examples defaults
#define DEFAULT_CE_PIN 9
#define DEFAULT_CS_PIN 10


/***
 * Enable/Disable debug logging
 */
#define DEBUG


#ifdef __Raspberry_Pi
        #define vsnprintf_P vsnprintf
        #define snprintf_P snprintf
        #define PSTR(x) (x)
        #define printf_P printf
        #define strlen_P strlen
#endif

#endif
pi@Domoticz3:~/Raspberry$ make clean
rm -rf MyGateway MySensor MyMessage PiEEPROM PiGateway PiGatewaySerial MyGateway.o MySensor.o MyMessage.o PiEEPROM.o PiGateway.o PiGatewaySerial.o
pi@Domoticz3:~/Raspberry$ make all
g++ -c -o MyGateway.o MyGateway.cpp -Wall -Ofast -mfpu=vfp -lpthread -g -D__Raspberry_Pi -mfloat-abi=hard -mtune=arm1176jzf-s -D_TTY_NAME=\"/dev/ttyMySensorsGateway\" -D_TTY_GROUPNAME=\"tty\" -march=armv6zk -I. -I/usr/local/include/RF24
g++ -c -o MySensor.o MySensor.cpp -Wall -Ofast -mfpu=vfp -lpthread -g -D__Raspberry_Pi -mfloat-abi=hard -mtune=arm1176jzf-s -D_TTY_NAME=\"/dev/ttyMySensorsGateway\" -D_TTY_GROUPNAME=\"tty\" -march=armv6zk -I. -I/usr/local/include/RF24
g++ -c -o MyMessage.o MyMessage.cpp -Wall -Ofast -mfpu=vfp -lpthread -g -D__Raspberry_Pi -mfloat-abi=hard -mtune=arm1176jzf-s -D_TTY_NAME=\"/dev/ttyMySensorsGateway\" -D_TTY_GROUPNAME=\"tty\" -march=armv6zk -I. -I/usr/local/include/RF24
g++ -c -o PiEEPROM.o PiEEPROM.cpp -Wall -Ofast -mfpu=vfp -lpthread -g -D__Raspberry_Pi -mfloat-abi=hard -mtune=arm1176jzf-s -D_TTY_NAME=\"/dev/ttyMySensorsGateway\" -D_TTY_GROUPNAME=\"tty\" -march=armv6zk -I. -I/usr/local/include/RF24
g++ -c -o PiGateway.o PiGateway.cpp -Wall -Ofast -mfpu=vfp -lpthread -g -D__Raspberry_Pi -mfloat-abi=hard -mtune=arm1176jzf-s -D_TTY_NAME=\"/dev/ttyMySensorsGateway\" -D_TTY_GROUPNAME=\"tty\" -march=armv6zk -I. -I/usr/local/include/RF24
g++ -o PiGateway MyGateway.o MySensor.o MyMessage.o PiEEPROM.o PiGateway.o -Wall -Ofast -mfpu=vfp -lpthread -g -D__Raspberry_Pi -mfloat-abi=hard -mtune=arm1176jzf-s -D_TTY_NAME=\"/dev/ttyMySensorsGateway\" -D_TTY_GROUPNAME=\"tty\" -march=armv6zk -I. -I/usr/local/include/RF24 -lrf24-bcm
g++ -c -o PiGatewaySerial.o PiGatewaySerial.cpp -Wall -Ofast -mfpu=vfp -lpthread -g -D__Raspberry_Pi -mfloat-abi=hard -mtune=arm1176jzf-s -D_TTY_NAME=\"/dev/ttyMySensorsGateway\" -D_TTY_GROUPNAME=\"tty\" -march=armv6zk -I. -I/usr/local/include/RF24
g++ -o PiGatewaySerial MyGateway.o MySensor.o MyMessage.o PiEEPROM.o PiGatewaySerial.o -Wall -Ofast -mfpu=vfp -lpthread -g -D__Raspberry_Pi -mfloat-abi=hard -mtune=arm1176jzf-s -D_TTY_NAME=\"/dev/ttyMySensorsGateway\" -D_TTY_GROUPNAME=\"tty\" -march=armv6zk -I. -I/usr/local/include/RF24 -lrf24-bcm -lutil
pi@Domoticz3:~/Raspberry$ sudo reboot

Broadcast message from pi@Domoticz3 on pts/1 (Mon 2016-04-11 12:12:17 CEST):

The system is going down for reboot NOW!

pi@Domoticz3:~/Raspberry$
Using username "pi".
Server refused our key
pi@192.168.1.14's password:
______                      _   _
|  _  \                    | | (_)
| | | |___  _ __ ___   ___ | |_ _  ___ ____
| | | / _ \| '_ ` _ \ / _ \| __| |/ __|_  /
| |/ / (_) | | | | | | (_) | |_| | (__ / /
|___/ \___/|_| |_| |_|\___/ \__|_|\___/___|


Last login: Mon Apr 11 12:10:24 2016 from 192.168.1.34

Monday, 11 April 2016, 12:12:45 pm CEST
Linux 4.1.18-v7+ armv7l GNU/Linux
Uptime.............: 0 days, 00h00m25s
Memory.............: 770952kB (Free) / 948056kB (Total)
Load Averages......: 0.59, 0.16, 0.05 (1, 5, 15 min)
Running Processes..: 100
IP Addresses.......: 192.168.1.14

pi@Domoticz3:~$ ls
bash_scripts  domoticz  Dropbox-Uploader  Raspberry  RF24
pi@Domoticz3:~$ sudo /etc/init.d/PiGatewaySerial start
[ ok ] Starting PiGatewaySerial (via systemctl): PiGatewaySerial.service.
pi@Domoticz3:~$ sudo /etc/init.d/PiGatewaySerial start
[ ok ] Starting PiGatewaySerial (via systemctl): PiGatewaySerial.service.
pi@Domoticz3:~$ sudo ln -s /dev/ttyMySensorsGateway /dev/ttyUSB20
ln: failed to create symbolic link ‘/dev/ttyUSB20’: File exists
pi@Domoticz3:~$ sudo /usr/local/sbin/PiGatewaySerial
Starting PiGatewaySerial...
Protocol version - 1.4
Created PTY '/dev/pts/2'
Gateway tty: /dev/ttyMySensorsGateway
================ SPI Configuration ================
CSN Pin          = CE0 (PI Hardware Driven)
CE Pin           = Custom GPIO25
Clock Speed      = 8 Mhz
================ NRF Configuration ================
STATUS           = 0x0e RX_DR=0 TX_DS=0 MAX_RT=0 RX_P_NO=7 TX_FULL=0
RX_ADDR_P0-1     = 0xa8a8e
RX_ADDR_P2-5     = 0xff 0xc4 
TX_ADDR          = 0xa8a8e1fc07
RX_PW_P0-6       = 0x20 0x20 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00
EN_AA            = 0x3b
EN_RXADDR        = 0x06
RF_CH            = 0x4c
RF_SETUP         = 0x23
CONFIG           = 0x0e
DYNPD/FEATURE    = 0x3f 0x06
Data Rate        = 250KBPS
Model            = nRF24L01+
CRC Length       = 16 bits
PA Power         = PA_LOW
read: 5-5-5 s=5,c=5,t=5,pt=0,l=0:
version mismatch
^CReceived SIGINT
Exiting...
pi@Domoticz3:~$

[mfalkvidd]

@Sander-Stolk I don't see a new make install in your output. Did you miss that or is the output just not included?

make all compiles the code. The result is a binary file in the Raspberry folder
make install copies the binary (and some scripts I think) from the Raspberry folder to the system folders.

[Sander Stolk]

Ok here's the deal to change the channel or other settings:

cd Raspberry
make clean
make all
sudo make install
Done!

[Tore André Rosander]

Does anyone know what this error is about?
RPi2, NRF24l01, OSMC (Debian jessie), Domoticz v3.5051.

osmc@osmc:~/Raspberry$ sudo make install
Installing PiGatewaySerial to /usr/local/sbin
Installing PiGateway to /usr/local/sbin
Installing initscripts to /etc/init.d
Installing syslog config to /etc/rsyslog.d
Failed to restart rsyslog.service: Unit rsyslog.service failed to load: No such file or directory.
Makefile:79: recipe for target 'install-initscripts' failed
make: *** [install-initscripts] Error 6

I can run the gateway even with the error, i can also add it to Domoticz and send/receive data.
But after a few minutes i get a massive error in domoticz saying "(24) Too many files open" on every logentry and my domoticz loose connection to the Logitech mediaserver, remote Kodi hardware, mqtt server etc.

osmc@osmc:~/Raspberry$ sudo ./PiGatewaySerial
Starting PiGatewaySerial...
Protocol version - 1.4
Created PTY '/dev/pts/2'
Gateway tty: /dev/ttyMySensorsGateway
================ SPI Configuration ================
CSN Pin          = CE0 (PI Hardware Driven)
CE Pin           = Custom GPIO25
Clock Speed      = 8 Mhz
================ NRF Configuration ================
STATUS           = 0x0e RX_DR=0 TX_DS=0 MAX_RT=0 RX_P_NO=7 TX_FULL=0
RX_ADDR_P0-1     = 0xa8a8e1fc00 0xa8a8e1fc00
RX_ADDR_P2-5     = 0xff 0xc4 0xc5 0xc6
TX_ADDR          = 0xa8a8e1fc02
RX_PW_P0-6       = 0x20 0x20 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00
EN_AA            = 0x3b
EN_RXADDR        = 0x06
RF_CH            = 0x4c
RF_SETUP         = 0x23
CONFIG           = 0x0e
DYNPD/FEATURE    = 0x3f 0x06
Data Rate        = 250KBPS
Model            = nRF24L01+
CRC Length       = 16 bits
PA Power         = PA_LOW

[cingolanifede]

Hi, is signing supported using this library? thanks.

[mfalkvidd]

@cingolanifede the Raspberry Pi gateway does not support signing.

[BikeDan]

I'm looking for some help in getting "PiGatewaySerial" running properly. I am having no issue running "PiGateway" and receiving all data from a counter node I'm using for testing. When I try to run "PiGatewaySerial", only intermittent data appears. For this example, I have my counter sending increasing integers at 1 second intervals, and receives fewer than 1 in 25 through the "PiGatewaySerial" script. I previously had this working reliably on a RPi2, reading in the tty output and logging it to a file. Now, I cannot repeat that on either that device, nor the current RPi B+ I'm working with. I'm sure there's some basic setting that I'm missing, but I can't seem to figure it out. Thanks!

An example of "PiGateway" correctly receiving all messages:

pi@raspberrypi:/dev/pts $ sudo /usr/local/sbin/PiGateway
Starting Gateway...
================ SPI Configuration ================
CSN Pin  	 = CE0 (PI Hardware Driven)
CE Pin  	 = Custom GPIO25
Clock Speed	 = 8 Mhz
================ NRF Configuration ================
STATUS		 = 0x0e RX_DR=0 TX_DS=0 MAX_RT=0 RX_P_NO=7 TX_FULL=0
RX_ADDR_P0-1	 = 0xa8a8e1fc00 0xa8a8e1fc00
RX_ADDR_P2-5	 = 0xff 0xc4 0xc5 0xc6
TX_ADDR		 = 0xe7e7e7e7e7
RX_PW_P0-6	 = 0x20 0x20 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00
EN_AA		 = 0x3b
EN_RXADDR	 = 0x06
RF_CH		 = 0x4c
RF_SETUP	 = 0x23
CONFIG		 = 0x0e
DYNPD/FEATURE	 = 0x3f 0x06
Data Rate	 = 250KBPS
Model		 = nRF24L01+
CRC Length	 = 16 bits
PA Power	 = PA_LOW
[CALLBACK]0;0;3;0;14;Gateway startup complete.
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:906
[CALLBACK]0;33;1;0;38;906
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:907
[CALLBACK]0;33;1;0;38;907
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:908
[CALLBACK]0;33;1;0;38;908
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:909
[CALLBACK]0;33;1;0;38;909
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:910
[CALLBACK]0;33;1;0;38;910
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:911
[CALLBACK]0;33;1;0;38;911
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:912
[CALLBACK]0;33;1;0;38;912
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:913
[CALLBACK]0;33;1;0;38;913

an example of "PiGatewaySerial" missing most messages:

pi@raspberrypi:/dev/pts $ sudo /usr/local/sbin/PiGatewaySerial
Starting PiGatewaySerial...
Protocol version - 1.4
Created PTY '/dev/pts/1'
Gateway tty: /dev/ttyMySensorsGateway
================ SPI Configuration ================
CSN Pin  	 = CE0 (PI Hardware Driven)
CE Pin  	 = Custom GPIO25
Clock Speed	 = 8 Mhz
================ NRF Configuration ================
STATUS		 = 0x0e RX_DR=0 TX_DS=0 MAX_RT=0 RX_P_NO=7 TX_FULL=0
RX_ADDR_P0-1	 = 0xa8a8e1fc00 0xa8a8e1fc00
RX_ADDR_P2-5	 = 0xff 0xc4 0xc5 0xc6
TX_ADDR		 = 0xe7e7e7e7e7
RX_PW_P0-6	 = 0x20 0x20 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00
EN_AA		 = 0x3b
EN_RXADDR	 = 0x06
RF_CH		 = 0x4c
RF_SETUP	 = 0x23
CONFIG		 = 0x0e
DYNPD/FEATURE	 = 0x3f 0x06
Data Rate	 = 250KBPS
Model		 = nRF24L01+
CRC Length	 = 16 bits
PA Power	 = PA_LOW
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:301
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:302
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:303
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:328
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:353
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:378
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:403
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:428
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:454
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:479
read: 0-0-0 s=33,c=1,t=38,pt=2,l=2:504

I'm running a RPi B+, NRF24l01+, on a clean install of Jessie, and using only a few percent of the CPU power.

[rmtucker]

I have been thinking about giving this a try But:-
The Raspberry port is using protocol version 1.4.
Do the sensors also have to use version 1.4?

[GertSanders]

@rmtucker
No, the sensors can be running 1.5 or 2.0-beta, the PI will run a 1.4 version.
The only thing not supported by the PiGateway is message signing.
But I have a mix of sensors in 1.5, 1.6-beta and 2.0-beta in my home network, so it certainly works.

[rmtucker]

@GertSanders

Is it best to start with a blank jessie image and manually install/compile domoticz or just use the domoticz sd image?
The latter would be the easiest for me because i am useless with the CLI but if the first method is best??

[Anticimex]

Adding support for signing on a pi gw should just be a matter of implementing random number generation and use software signing. With slight modification in the software signing backend as it assumes Arduino api:s for obtaining a seed for the rng.

[mfalkvidd]

@rmtucker if you want to be able to run the very latest version of Domoticz, use the Debian image and compile Domoticz from git.

I use the Domoticz image. The downside is that I need to wait for new "official" Domoticz builds before upgrading, but the upside is that getting up and running was very easy.

[GertSanders]

@mfalkvidd
Actually ... I started with an official Domoticz build, and then I indicated in the settings that I wanted to update with the beta version. Since then I'm always on the latest beta (v5143 at the moment).

[mfalkvidd]

@GertSanders cool. How often is the beta updated? Every build?

[rmtucker]

Just set this up on my existing Raspberry pi B+ Domoticz server and it is working perfectly so i have managed to get rid of the uno Gateway.
Thank you so much,I can now try and squeeze it all in the Raspi case and the job is finished.

[rmtucker]

This is the cpu usage,the spike is me compiling the software as above.

[GertSanders]

@mfalkvidd
Well, that seems to be the case. Sometimes I see daily updates, sometimes a week passes by without any changes. I selected the BETA channel for updates and since then I have seen new functionality come in on a regular basis. Not all of it is relevant to Mysensors of course, but none the less it's fun to see Domoticz is developed actively.

[wergeld]

@GertSanders I have seen no issues in Domoticz stable with CPU usage. Thing just purrs along. Will have to check when I get home but i believe my system uptime is approaching 1 year. It "just works" as they say.

I would like to upgrade to mysensors 2.0 library by it looks like the Pi repo has not being updated as often (last I checked, anyway).

[GertSanders]

@wergeld
Correct, the PI repo is basically unchanged. But it still is compatible with the 2.0-beta Mysensors library.

[wergeld]

@GertSanders What? I was under the impression that some features (like sending messages to nodes from domitcz wouldn't work).

[GertSanders]

@wergeld
Did not notice that, I can send values and "switch on" messages to nodes. The only thing I miss is the signing via ATSHA204. Even V_TEXT sending to and from nodes works.

[Tore André Rosander]

I have some trouble with the gateway not storing the network map, if i restart the gateway my non-sensor nodes need to send some kind of heartbeat to reconnect to the gateway.

Is this a known problem or is it something wrong with my setup?

[hek]

Yes, known problem.

I had some hopes on @marceloaqno and @aaron832 providing a PR into development branch (so we can scrap the old RPI code). But there hasn't been any activity in a while.
https://forum.mysensors.org/topic/2759/mysensors-raspberry-port-suggestions/12

[Tore André Rosander]

@hek But insted of including heartbeats from every non sensor node (trying to keep 2.4 ghz traffic to a minimum), can i solve this by using an arduino repeater node? So the repeater knows the network map and sends heartbeat to the gateway.

[hek]

@Tore-André-Rosander

No, not possible. The repeater won't propagate it's knowledge about all sub-nodes.

[jpbabou]

@Sander-Stolk hi
how do you achieve to have a nice 'logon' screen ou your PI: Domotics Logo, @ip,memory,date... etc etc..
Im' newbee on raspberry from france
HAve a nice day
JP
i really want to have the same or any available sample like yours

---

| _ \ | | ()
| | | |__ _ __ ___ ___ | |_ _ ___ ____
| | | / _ | '_ ` _ \ / _ | | |/ | /
| |/ / () | | | | | | () | |_| | ( / /
|/ _/|| || ||___/ _||_/|

Last login: Mon Apr 11 12:10:24 2016 from 192.168.1.34

Monday, 11 April 2016, 12:12:45 pm CEST
Linux 4.1.18-v7+ armv7l GNU/Linux
Uptime.............: 0 days, 00h00m25s
Memory.............: 770952kB (Free) / 948056kB (Total)
Load Averages......: 0.59, 0.16, 0.05 (1, 5, 15 min)
Running Processes..: 100
IP Addresses.......: 192.168.1.14

[Tore André Rosander]

@jpbabou That is the Message of the day (motd) and you can edit it to fit your needs.
This guide should work on debian weezy and jessie
https://oitibs.com/debian-wheezy-dynamic-motd/

[jpbabou]

@Tore-André-Rosander
Tks a lot for your answer.. It seems to look like what i want at logon..Iwill test it.
I keep you in touch!

[jpbabou]

@Tore-André-Rosander
Tks a lot
It works's fine!!
pi@JpPi2 ~ $ ssh JpPi3
_ ____ _ _____
| |_ __ | _ ()__ /
_ | | '_ | |) | | |
| || | |) | /| |) |
_/| ._/|| ||___/
||

Welcome to Raspbian GNU/Linux 8.0 (jessie) (4.4.7-v7+).

System information as of: Wed Jun 1 09:10:09 CEST 2016

System load: 0.01 IP Address:
Memory usage: 17.9% System uptime: 1 day
Usage on /: 27% Swap usage: 0.0%
Local Users: 1 Processes: 126

Last login: Wed Jun 1 09:03:53 2016 from raspberryjp

[Atman]

I have been struggeling with this for some time now. It seems my compiler is not the standard for raspberry pi? (I have a pi 2). I have used the domoticz sdcard as ground for my system and it works (a bit sketchy with random freezes and I cannot access the domotics webserver from chrome) but still. Anyway, I get stuck on making the RF24 package. Any ideas?

pi@raspberrypi ~/RF24 $ make all && sudo make install
arm-linux-gnueabihf-g++ -fPIC -march=armv7-a -mtune=cortex-a7 -mfpu=neon-vfpv4 -mfloat-abi=hard -Ofast -Wall -pthread  -c RF24.cpp
cc1plus: error: bad value (cortex-a7) for -mtune switch
Makefile:40: recipe for target 'RF24.o' failed
make: *** [RF24.o] Error 1

[alexsh1]

Did anyone setup rfm69 successfully on the raspberry pi

[GertSanders]

Has anyone used the Raspberry GW software in combination with nodes that run the new 2.0.0 MySensors code ?

[tbowmo]

@GertSanders

It's not supported, 2.0.0 nodes require a 2.0.0 GW. And the raspberry pi port is not updated to 2.0.0 (and unfortunately there is currently no one in the core group that uses the rpi gw.. We all use serial / ethernet gw's of some sort)

[GertSanders]

@tbowmo
I was afraid of that. In my enthusiasm I updated to 2.0.0, but now my new nodes play dead.
At least I know why.
Time to make that old ethernet gateway functional again.
Since Breda meetup is this weekend, I will have no more time to figure this out (if I could ever, this is UNIX). Maybe after I can try something.

[wergeld]

@tbowmo

What would be required to get the RPi gateway up and running? Having single controller/gateway is great.

[GertSanders]

@tbowmo
Is a 2.0.0 based gateway backward compatible with nodes in an older version ?

[GertSanders]

@wergeld
Probably porting the Arduino lib to Raspberry and compiling again ?

[GertSanders]

@tbowmo
Is the last 2.0.0-dev version (before the new 2.0.0 official release) still available somewhere ?
That DEV version seemed to still work with my Raspi GW.

[wergeld]

@GertSanders

Time to start reading up on converting the lib! Might have a go at it in week or so. Work is holding me hostage at the moment.

[GertSanders]

Praise Apple for making TimeMachine. I was able to set back the last version of MySensors lib I know was working with my gateway in a bout 1 minute.

Back in business now. Upgrading the gateway and nodes to full 2.0.0 is for later.

[tbowmo]

@wergeld

you need to port the mysensors core library.. It is however filled with arduino specifics at the moment (we have had some talks about removing arduino dependencies, but it's not made yet).

Ideally someone should make a raspberry pi port, that we can merge into the main repository, so the same codebase can be build for both raspberryPi and arduino based hardware.

@GertSanders

A 2.0.0 GW should be compatible with 1.5.x nodes, but 2.0.0 nodes require a 2.0.0 GW.. (I can't remember the specifics in what the changes are, @tekka is the brain behind that stuff). That said, we do recommend that both nodes and GW will be updated to same mysensors versions, as to avoid any problems.

[mfalkvidd]

@tbowmo @wergeld @GertSanders a port is already available, see https://forum.mysensors.org/topic/2759/mysensors-raspberry-port-suggestions/11 (and github)

It would be awesome if someone could merge that great work with the MySensors repo.

[tbowmo]

@mfalkvidd

Ok, didn't know that it was updated to 2.0.0 "final", thanks for the hint

[Sander Teunissen]

Would it be safe to say a RPI gateway 2.0 is not available yet for beginners ? (like the instructions @mfalkvidd made are not usable for this ?)

[GertSanders]

@Sander-Teunissen
At the moment I would advise beginners to use a separate GW for the official 2.0.0 (ethernet or serial based). I found the ethernet based gateway the easiest to use in various setups, espcially since Domoticz (my controller of choice) supported this.

[Sander Teunissen]

@GertSanders Thanks Gert !
I did a quick build of the serial gateway using an arduino which I connect to my RPI. Pretty easy. I'll be watching this when I can switch back to the RPI built gateway...

[flopp]

@mfalkvidd said:

OTHER NOTES

• The 3.3V power on the Raspberry Pi is rated for a maximum of 50mA. A regular NRF24L01+ only needs 15mA, but if you are using a power amplified version you might exceed what the Raspberry Pi can output. In that case, an external power supply might be required.

Nice guide thanks.
when using external power supply i think it is best to connect Ground from Rpi and ext power supply. Maybe write that in the guide?

[alexsh1]

@flopp the best would be to use Raspberry's 5V rail and reduce it to 3.3V via the LDO like @GertSanders did in his board.

There is one member using 3.3V rail for powering PA+LNA Tranceiver without any issues - check out the latest open hardware. I have not tried it personally

[mfalkvidd]

@alexsh1 I wouldn't want a guide to recommend a solution that is way outside the specifications even if users might not experience problems. Strange problems usually happen outside specs, they are a pain to troubleshoot and in this case might lead to frying someone's Raspberry Pi.

@flopp thanks for your suggestion, I've amended to guide.

[SeanMarsh]

@mfalkvidd I"m confused. I noticed the instructions below is for 1.5X or below and will not work with 2.0. The link for 2.0 that is posted doesn't make any sense to me at all. It also takes me to a thread where I start reading the information from the middle of a thread. I'm coming to the conclusion that it doesn't work yet..... Am I right?
SUPER New here. sorry

[mfalkvidd]

@SeanMarsh I don't know anything more than what's stated in that thread, sorry. That's also why it is the last option of the alternatives. Go with a serial, wifi or ethernet gateway if you can.

[tlpeter]

I also have a serial gateway next to my raspberry (3 in this case) with Domoticz on it.
If there is an issue than at least a part is still running without breaking everything.
I am using zwave at most and mysensors now for playing.
I cannot break the current zwave implementation so for me a serial gateway is the best solution.
For playing around you might just try as i imaging it could be fun to do it.

[wergeld]

How can we update the gateway to v1.5? I just tried to rebuild from github today and I am getting really odd errors now that I did not get before:
cc1: error: bad value (cortex-a7)

What I could find online states I need to update the gcc compiler on my rPi - it is currently version 4 and latest is 5...but apt-get update gcc says I am already at latest version.

I am trying to get my slimNodes up and running using v1.5 of mysensors.

[Toyman]

How can I use "PA power HIGH" with this setup?

[Reza]

i can not add device to domoticz controller with serial gateway(1.4)

MySensors Gateway USB
Version: 1.4 Setup

[Reza]

is this true ?

pi@raspberrypi:~$ sudo make enable-gwserial
make: *** No rule to make target 'enable-gwserial'.  Stop.